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In epidemiology, attributable risk is the difference in rate of a condition between an exposed population and an unexposed population. Attributable risk is mostly calculated in cohort studies, where individuals are assembled on exposure status and followed over a period of time. Investigators count the occurrence of the diseases. The cohort is then subdivided by the level of exposure and the frequency of disease is compared between subgroups. One is considered exposed and another unexposed. The formula commonly used in Epidemiology books for Attributable risk is Ie - Iu = AR, where Ie = Incidence in exposed and Iu = incidence in unexposed. Once the AR is calculated, then the AR percent can be determined. The formula for that is 100 *(Ie - Iu)/Ie . Note: ''Ie'' is calculated by simply dividing the number of exposed people who get the disease by the total number who are exposed (N-exposeddis / N-exposedtot = Ie). Similarly, the ''Iu'' is calculated by dividing the number of unexposed people who get the disease by the total number who are not exposed (N-unexposeddis / N-unexposedtot = Iu). The concept was first proposed by Levin in 1953. ==Diversity of interpretation== There is some variation in how the term is used. The term population attributable risk (PAR) has been described as the reduction in incidence that would be observed if the population were entirely unexposed, compared with its current (actual) exposure pattern. In this context, the comparison is to the existing pattern of exposure, not the absence of exposure. There is some ambiguity in the terminology. Population attributable risk is often simply called "attributable risk" (AR), and the latter term is most often associated with the above PAR definition. However, some epidemiologists use "attributable risk" when referring to the excess risk, also called the risk difference or rate difference. Greenland and Robins distinguished between excess fraction and etiologic fraction in 1988. * ''Etiologic fraction'' is the proportion of cases in which the exposure has played a causal role in disease development. : It is defined as:〔(Page 43 in: ) Case control studies: design, conduct, analysis By James J. Schlesselman, Paul D. Stolley Edition: illustrated Published by Oxford University Press US, 1982 ISBN 0-19-502933-X, 9780195029338 354 pages〕 : :where: :EF = Etiologic fraction :''N''e = Number of exposed individuals in a population who develop the disease :''N''n = Number of unexposed individuals in the same population who develop the disease. * ''Excess fraction'', however, is the proportion of cases occurring among the exposed population that is in excess in comparison with the unexposed. All excess cases are etiologic cases, but not vice versa. From the standpoint of both law and biology it is important to measure the etiology fraction. In most epidemiological studies, PAR measures only the excess fraction. (Larger than etiologic fraction) 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「attributable risk」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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